Notes and bibliographic entries below are based on The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential 听Guide for Writers, Editors 听and Publishers听by The University of Chicago Press, 16th edition 听(available in print and online). The paper format is based on 听A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate Turabian, 7th edition.
The following examples provide both endnote (N) and bibliography (B) entries in the Chicago Style. For footnotes, the main difference is that the note number would be superscript. Footnotes and endnotes should be 10 point font, while bibliographic entries should be 12 pt font. Footnotes and endnotes should have a first line indent, while bibliographic entries have听a hanging indent.
Print Sources
Book with One Author
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1. Phillipe Bordes, Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile听(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 22-3. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, Author鈥檚 First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. | |
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Bordes, Phillipe. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. |
Book with Two Authors
Always list multiple authors in the order they appear on the cover or copyright page.
| N: | Note Number. Author 1 First and Last Name and Author 2 First and Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s). | |
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2. Leon Chertok and Raymond de Saussure, The Therapeutic Revolution: From Mesmer to听Freud (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1979), 187. |
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| B: |
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Chertok, Leon, and Raymond de Saussure. The Therapeutic Revolution: From Mesmer to Freud. New听York: Brunner/Mazel, 1979. |
Book with both Author and Editor
| N: | Note Number. Author First and Last Name, Title of听Book, ed. Editor鈥檚 Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s). |
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1. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. John Bigelow (Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott & Co., 1868), 94. |
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| B: | Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book. Edited by Editor鈥檚 Name. Place of Publication: Publisher鈥檚 Name, Date of Publication. |
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Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott & Co., 1868. |
Introduction in a Book听
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, introduction to听Title of Book, trans./ed. Translator or Editor’s First and Last Name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published), page number(s). |
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1. B. H. Liddell Hart, introduction to The Art of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 4. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. Introduction to听Title of the听Book.听Translated by/Edited by Translator or听Editor鈥檚 First and Last Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published. |
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Hart, B. H. Liddell. Introduction to The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963. |
Chapter in a Multi-Authored or Edited Book听
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of Chapter,鈥� in听Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book听, ed. Editor鈥檚 First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher鈥檚 Name, Date of听Publication),听page number(s). |
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3. Steve Bruce, 鈥淭erminal Faith,鈥� in听Religion, Modernity, and Postmodernity: Religion and听Spirituality in the Modern World听ed. Paul Heelas (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998), 57. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of Chapter.鈥� In听Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book听edited by听Editor鈥檚 First and Last Name, beginning page-ending page. City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published. |
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Bruce, Steve. 鈥淭erminal Faith.鈥� In听Religion, Modernity, and Postmodernity: Religion and Spirituality in the Modern World听edited by Paul Heelas, 56-68. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998. |
Article 听from a Print Journal
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of the Article,鈥� Title of the Journal0, no.00 (Date of Publication): 000.*Zero is the volume number, 00 is the edition number, and 000 is the page number. All numerals should be Arabic, even if the publication 听uses Roman numerals. |
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4. Christian K. Kleinbub, 鈥淩aphael鈥檚 Transfiguration as Visio-Devotional Program,鈥� The Art听Bulletin 90, no. 3 (September 2008): 370. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of the Article.鈥� Title of the Journal0, no. 00 (Date of Publication): 000-000.*Zero is the volume number, 00 is the edition number, and 000-000 are the page numbers the article appears on. All numerals should be Arabic, even if the publication 听uses Roman numerals. |
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Kleinbub, Christian K. 听鈥淩aphael鈥檚 Transfiguration as Visio-Devotional Program.鈥� The Art Bulletin 90, no. 3 (September 2008): 367-93. |
Newspaper
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淗eadline,鈥� Title of the Newspaper, Date of Publication, edition.*Edition and section numbers are optional. Use if helpful. |
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5. James M. Markham, 鈥淚n the Revolution鈥檚 Footsteps,鈥� The New York Times, March 18, 1989, New York edition. |
| B: | Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Headline.”听Title of the Newspaper. Date of Publication.*Edition and section numbers can be added to the end of the citation if necessary. |
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Markham, James M. “In the Revolution’s Footsteps.”听The New York Times. March 18, 1989. New York edition. |
Magazine Article
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of the Article,鈥� Title of the Magazine, Date of Publication, page number(s). |
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6. Anthony Hiss, 鈥淭he Talk of the Town: Memoir,鈥� New Yorker, December 13, 1976, 33. |
| B: | Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.”听Title of the Magazine. Date of Publication. |
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Hiss, Anthony. “The Talk of the Town: Memoir.” New Yorker. December 13, 1976. |
叠辞辞办听搁别惫颈别飞听
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of Review,鈥� review of听Title of Book, by Author’s First and Last Name,听Title of Publication, Publication Date, page number. |
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7. Carol Hardin, “Review:听The Physical Geography of North America” review of听The Physical Geography of North America, by Antony R. Orme, ed., Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Sept. 2003, 751. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of Review.鈥� Review of听Title of Book, by Author’s First and Last Name. Title of听Publication, Publication Date. |
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Hardin, Carol. “Review:听The Physical Geography of North America.” Review of听The Physical Geography of North听America, by Antony R. Orme, ed. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Sept. 2003. |
Thesis or Dissertation
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of Thesis or Dissertation鈥� ( 听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听 , University, Year of Completion) page number(s), URL.*If accessed online. Fill in the blank with one of the听following: 1) master鈥檚 thesis 2) PhD diss. |
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7. Priscilla Coit Murphy, 鈥淲hat a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and Media-Borne Public听Debate鈥� (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000) 165. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of Thesis or Dissertation.鈥� 听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听 , University, Year of听Completion. In Name of Database (ID number)*Fill in the blank with one of the following:听1) master鈥檚 thesis 2) PhD diss. If the document was accessed online, give the URL in place of the database 听and ID number. |
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Murphy, Priscilla Coit. 鈥淲hat a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and Media-Borne Public Debate.鈥� PhDdiss., University of North Carolina, 2000. In ProQuest (9979475). |
Reference Works
Reference works are cited in the notes rather than the bibliography, unless they are not widely known. Most publication information is omitted, but any edition besides the first should be noted. If the work is arranged alphabetically cite the subject preceded by s.v. (sub verbo, 鈥渦nder the word鈥�; or plural s.v v.). You would only use the plural when citing one or more subjects in a single sentence.
| N: | Note Number. Title of Reference Work, 0th ed., s.v. 鈥渟ubject.鈥� (singular)Note Number. Title of Reference Work, 0th ed., s.vv. 鈥渟ubject,鈥� 鈥渟ubject.鈥� (plural) |
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8.听听听 Black鈥檚 Law Dictionary, 9th ed. s. v 鈥渋njunction.鈥�9.听听听 Black鈥檚 Law Dictionary, 9th e.d. s.vv. 鈥渋njunction,鈥� 鈥渟tay of judgment.鈥� |
Digital and Web-Based Sources
Journal 听Article 听from a Database with and without a DOI
If you copy and paste the URL of an article found in a library database, it will generally be unstable. That means you can鈥檛 go back to the article by re-copying and re-pasting the URL into your browser. Therefore, if a journal article has a stable URL or a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) listed in the bibliographic information, the preference should be given to the DOI. In the absence of a DOI, use the stable URL. In the absence of a stable URL, use the unstable URL. Everything in the note and bibliographic entry will remain the same, except that the URL will be replaced by 鈥渄oi:鈥� and then the DOI number assigned to the article. Here鈥檚 an example:
Hammersly, Rachel. 鈥淛ean-Paul Marat鈥檚 鈥楾he Chains of Slavery in Britain and France,鈥� 1774-1833.鈥�
Historical Journal 48, no. 3 (Sept. 2005): 641-60. doi:10.1017/S0018246X05004607.
For more information on the DOI system, visit or 听CrossRef.org.
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of the Article,鈥� Title of the Journal 0, no.听00 (Date of Publication): 000, URL (/cwc/quick-help/cms-basics/cms-models/accessed听听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听听听).*0 is the volume number, 00 is the edition number, and 000 is the page number. All numerals should be Arabic. Fill in the blank with the date of access. |
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10. Robert O鈥橲ullivan, 鈥淭he Doctor Responsible for Mass Executions,鈥� Irish Medical Times听43, no. 7 (February 2009): 32, URL HERE (accessed September 1, 2009). |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of the Article.鈥� Title of the Journal 0, no. 00 (Date of听Publication): 000-000. URL (accessed ________听). |
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O鈥橲ullivan, Robert. 鈥淭he Doctor Responsible for Mass Executions.鈥� Irish Medical Times 43, no. 7 (February 2009): 32-40. URL HERE听(accessed September 1, 2009). |
E-books鈥擭ot 听Books Accessed 听from Websites or Other Fixed Media (Such as a DVD)
Note that pagination varies from platform to platform. Rather than using page numbers, indicate the chapter or section title. Indicate the platform as the last part of the bibliographic entry. The note will give the information related to the original print publication. The bibliographic entry omits this information.
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, Title of Book. (City: Publisher, Year of听Original Publication), platform, date of digital release), platform e-book, chap. #. |
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11. Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), Kindle e-book, chap. 5. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Year of Digital Release. Platform. |
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Scarry, Elaine. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the Word. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2010. Kindle edition. |
Online Magazine
| N: | Note Number. Author First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of Article,鈥� Title of Magazine, Publication Date, URL. |
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1. Andrew Kent, “Just Don鈥檛 Ask for Money: Why won鈥檛 courts ever award damages to the victims听of drone strikes?” Slate, July 23, 2012,听URL HERE. |
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| B: | Author Last Name, Author First Name. 鈥淭itle of Article.鈥� Title of Magazine, Publication Date. URL. |
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Kent, Andrew. “Just Don’t Ask for Money: Why won’t courts ever award damages to the victims of drone strikes?”听Slate, July 23, 2012. URL HERE. |
Blog
If you cite a blog post frequently in your text, include it in the bibliography. If you cite it only once or twice, include it only in the notes. The word 鈥渂log鈥� would appear immediately after the title unless the word is part of it:
Studying Abraham Lincoln (blog), September 28, 2011, http://lincolnblog.blogspot.com/bookreview.
| N: | Note Number. Author鈥檚 First and Last Name, 鈥淭itle of Blog Post,鈥� Title of Blog (blog), Date of Post, Direct URL to Post. |
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12. Geoffrey M. Elliott, 鈥淏ook Review: A First Rate Madness,鈥� The Abraham Lincoln Blog, September 28, 2011, http://abrahamlincolnblog.blogspot.com/2011/09/book-review-first-rate- madness.html. |
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| B: | Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淭itle of Blog Post.鈥� Title of Blog (blog). Domain Name. |
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Elliott, Geoffrey M. 鈥淏ook Review: A First Rate Madness.鈥� The Abraham Lincoln Blog. http://abrahamlincolnblog.blogspot.com/. |
Website
When referring to a page in a website, include as much information as you can: titles or descriptions of pages, authors (if known), sponsoring organizations, URL, and dates of publication and access.
| N: | 听Note Number. 鈥淭itle or Description of Webpage,鈥� last modified 听听听听听听听听听听听 , accessed 听听听听听听听听听听 , URL.*insert appropriate dates in blanks. |
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13. 鈥淔acebook Data Policy,鈥� last modified 2011, accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/ |
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| B: | Sponsor. 鈥淭itle or Description of Webpage.鈥� Last modified 听听听听听听听听听听听 . URL.*insert appropriate date听in blank. |
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Facebook. 鈥淔acebook Data Policy.鈥� Last modified 2011. http://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/ |
Online Reference Works
See the model for subjects from printed reference works for a full explanation. Authored references should include the author鈥檚 name in both the note and the bibliography. If no publication date is available, include an access. Authored entries that are relatively long should be included in the bibliography.
| N: | Note Number. Title of Website, s.v. 鈥渟ubject,鈥� accessed 听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听 , URL. 锟� fill in blank withappropriate date. |
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14. Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law, s.v. 鈥渋njunction,鈥� accessed September 20, 2011,http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/injunction. |
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Author鈥檚 Last Name, First Name. 鈥淪ubject.鈥� In Title of Reference Work, edited by ______. 听 听 听 听听听Sponsoring听Organization, Year of Copyright. URL. *fill in the blank with the editor鈥檚 name if known. |
| Bennett, Larry. 鈥淐ommunity Organizing.鈥� In Encyclopedia of Chicago, edited by Janice L. Reiff, 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听 听Ann Durkin Keating, and James R. Grossman. Chicago Historical Society, 2005. http:// encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/320.html. |
Congressional Reports & Documents
Congressional reports and documents do not need to be listed in the bibliography if they are cited within the text.
| N: | Note Number. House of Representatives Report No. 000-00, at 0 (Year).*Note that听鈥渉ouse,鈥� 鈥渞epresentatives,鈥� and 鈥渞eport鈥� are abbreviated. The first number in the report听number is the session of Congress, the second refers to the agenda number. The number after听鈥渁t鈥� indicates the page. |
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15. H.R. Rep. No. 111-16, at 9 (2009). |
Presidential Documents
Presidential documents include addresses, proclamations, orders, and vetoes among other type of texts. They are published in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Public Papers of the Presidents听of the United States, Federal Register, and Code of Federal Regulations. Abbreviations for these publications are listed below (note: they are not italicized when abbreviated). For presidential addresses, use the complete title as given in the publication. If they are cited in text, they do not need to be included in the bibliography.
| Abbreviations of Some Presidential Publications |
| Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc |
| Pub. Papers |
| Fed. Reg. |
| C.F.R. |
| N: | Author Note. Type of Publication No. 000, 00 Publication 0000 (Date of Publication).*鈥�000鈥� is the document number, 鈥�00鈥� is the volume number (depending on the publication), 听and听鈥�0000鈥� is the page number. |
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16. Proclamation No. 8335, 9 Fed. Reg. 1439 (Jan. 6, 2009). |
Pamphlets, 听Reports, etc.
Pamphlets, brochures, published reports (non-governmental) and other types of independent documents are treated similarly to the model for books. Omit any information that is not available (such as author or publisher) only after making a good-faith effort to locate it. If cited within the text, they do not need to be included in the bibliography.
| N: | Note Number. Title of Publication (City of Publication: Publisher, Year). |
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17. The BellSouth Telephone Museum (Atlanta, GA: The BellSouth Center, 1996). |
Other Common Sources
Interviews and Personal Communications
When you conduct an interview or engage in personal correspondence with an expert, you will cite the information in text. It鈥檚 not necessary to include a bibliographic entry.
| N: | Note Number. Interviewee鈥檚 First and Last Names, (Credentials If Relevant), in discussion with the author, date.*鈥淚n discussion鈥� may be substituted with 鈥渋n an e-mail message to.鈥� |
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18. Niall Ferguson, (professor of history, Harvard University) in discussion with the author, September 2011. |
Published or Broadcast Interviews
Notice that the example below is a radio interview. For interviews broadcast over the radio, use the radio frequency and call sign for the station. For television interviews, use the network/channel name.
| N: | Note Number. Interviewee First and Last Name, interviewed by Interviewer(s) first and last name(s),听Title of Program, Station Identification, Air Date. |
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11. Tom Brady, interview by John Dennis and Gerry Callahan,听The Dennis & Callahan Morning Show, 93.7 WEEI FM, May 30, 2012. |
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| B: | Interviewee Last Name, First name.听Title of Program. By Interviewer(s). Station Identification, Air Date. |
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Brady, Tom.听The Dennis & Callahan Morning Show. By John Dennis and Gerry Callahan. 97.3 听 听 听WEEI FM, May 30, 2012. |
Podcasts
Note that if the title of the podcast contains the word “podcast,” the words “podcast audio” can be omitted from the citation.
| N: | Note Number. Author First and Last Name,听Podcast Title, podcast audio, publisher, format, accessed date, URL. |
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14. Bill Simmons,听The B.S. Report, podcast audio, ESPN Radio: The B.S. Report, MP3, accessed July 18, 2012,听http://espn.go.com/espnradio/play?id=8177260. |
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| B: | 听Author Last Name, First Name.听Podcast Title. Podcast audio. Publisher. Format. Accessed Date. URL. |
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Simmons, Bill.听The B.S. Report. Podcast audio. ESPN Radio: The B.S. Report. MP3. Accessed 听 July 18, 2012. http://espn.go.com/espnradio/play?id=8177260. |
DVDs and Other Multimedia
Citation information will vary depending on the type of source, who was quoted and/or paraphrased, and the medium (TV show, movie, musical score; videocassette, DVD). For a TV show, you will probably want to include the episode title, season, and episode number. For a movie, you may want to include the scene number from the DVD.
| N: | Note Number. Name of Person Narrating, 鈥淓pisode or Scene Title,鈥� Film or TV Series Title, directed by Director鈥檚 First and Last Name (Year Film Was Shown in Theaters; City of Publication: Distribution Company, Year of DVD Release), Medium. |
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19. Jonathan Ressler, 鈥淭riumph of the Shill,鈥� The Corporation, directed by Jennifer Abbott and Mark Achbar (2003; New York, NY: Zeitgeist Films, 2005), DVD. |
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| B: | Name of Narrator. Title of Film. Medium. Directed by Director鈥檚 First and Last Name. City of听Publication: Distributor, Year of Distribution. |
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Ressler, Jonathan. The Corporation. DVD. Directed by Jennifer Abbott and Mark Achbar. New York, NY: Zeitgeist Films, 2005. |
Confused by some abbreviations or big words? Check out our Chicago Style terminology page.